Guidelines on Thoughtful Image Selection
An innovative approach to image selection, scaffolding an intentional process that includes guided reflection and concrete suggestions.
Introduction
Originally developed to assist Searle Center educational developers and staff in selecting images that align visual communication with Center values, this guide offers an innovative approach to image selection, scaffolding an intentional process that includes guided reflection and concrete suggestions to support the alignment of visual communication with personal and University values.
At the Searle Center, we view images not merely as embellishments but as powerful tools for communication. The images we select and display shape the perception of the Center’s work and values, as well as those represented in the images themselves. Given the far-reaching impact of images, we have created these guidelines to promote an informed, critically reflective, transparent, and participatory process.
Instructors can apply these guidelines to enhance the inclusivity, accessibility, and intentionality of visual materials used in their instructional materials. Whether designing lecture slides, Canvas course sites, or assignments, these guidelines encourage instructors to reflect on the purpose, representation, and impact of the images they choose. By aligning visual content with pedagogical goals and institutional values, instructors can cultivate a welcoming and inclusive course climate.
How the Guidelines Were Developed
These guidelines grew out of informal conversations between educational developers at the Searle Center and were deeply informed by our communal curiosity and commitment to Northwestern’s Principles of Inclusive Teaching. As a team, we quickly realized that a collective conversation on image selection could meaningfully bring together unique perspectives and surface shared values. Led by introspection, reflection, observation, and question asking—central components of how we embody our Center values—a small working group of volunteers convened to explore image selection and craft suggested guidelines.
Two principles undergirded the working group’s approach and the resultant guidelines:
Participatory Approach
Defined by
Cornish et al. (2023), this approach “prioritizes the value of experiential knowledge for tackling problems caused by unequal and harmful social systems, and for envisioning and implementing alternatives.” This led us to build into the guidelines space for experiential knowledge and engagement with diverse perspectives.
Transparency in Learning and Teaching (TILT)
This project on student learning focuses on purpose, task, and criteria, with suggested guiding questions as a starting place. We prioritized transparency and led with three main questions, which are echoed in the guidelines:
- Purpose: Why are you engaging in this work around image selection?
- Task: What do you hope comes out of this work around image selection?
- Criteria: How do you plan to go about your work around image selection?
Guidelines for Processes
Ideally, image selection is a collaborative process involving a team of colleagues and community members working iteratively and in a non-linear fashion (i.e., cyclically), side-by-side.

Prepare a team.
Identify community members from diverse backgrounds who may be interested in joining your team and provide advice about the images that you are going to create and use. If possible, include several members from your campus partners, so that individuals are not being asked to speak as a representative of their group to confirm an image.
Design an approach centered on collaboration.
Seek input from community members about the main messages that you want to convey and the types of images that would be most suitable. Be mindful of the pre-existing conversations happening on the topic in other departments that could inform or influence the approach. Create spaces to process and host conversations around image selection to ensure new and all perspectives are being reflected, including the perspectives of those who might be portrayed in the image.
Seek feedback.
Share draft images with your team for review and feedback. It is important to leave room for informal and formal conversations to honor the variety of ways that images can be created and interpreted.
Review your project.
The Inclusive Images website suggests that the images in an entire project should be examined to identify any problematic patterns. The authors point to problematic patterns identified by King & Domin (2007), such as images of people of color as typically being shown in a less visible or important sidebar instead of the main feature. In other words, carefully observe and consider how you center people and lived experiences.
Revisit images.
Revisit this process as new images are selected or updated, and when staff and roles change. Continue to check in with campus thought partners as this allows opportunities for staying up to date on current topics that might inform image selection.
Reflection Areas
In conversations with your team, reflect on the overarching areas listed in this section.

Type of Image
Relevance of the Image: Choose images that are directly relevant to the content. If the image does not support or enhance the message, consider omitting it.
Human vs. Non-Human Images: An international study of digital images (Cyr et al., 2009) conducted in the United States, Japan, and Germany demonstrated that images of human faces created more engagement with audiences, including increased time looking at an image. Despite increased engagement, images of people may not always be the best choice because of the inherent limitations in human representation.
Using images of people—including photographs, illustrations, and abstract representations—should be done conscientiously, recognizing that non-human images may be the best option in certain contexts.
- Images of people can create an emotional connection with audiences.
- Non-human images like landscapes, icons, or abstract designs are useful for general topics and concepts and for highlighting technology, infrastructure, or locations.
Images Created by Artificial Intelligence (AI): Use care when creating images with AI. A feature article published in Nature in 2024 presents evidence that images generated by AI are prone to gender and racial bias. The use of AI to create images is still contested as it does not acknowledge the sources or creators that the AI draws from to produce images.
Inclusivity and Representation
Diverse Representation: Ensure that the images visibly reflect diversity in race, gender, age, and abilities. Aim for a balanced representation that mirrors the Northwestern community or the community that you are working alongside—a key feature of embracing the participatory and collaborative nature of image selection.
Stereotypes: Choose images that challenge clichés and stereotypes rather than reinforcing them. Be mindful of the roles and settings in which people are portrayed. Be mindful about the lived experiences that may be conveyed or omitted by an image and avoid images that reinforce stereotypes or reduce a culture to a single aspect or trait. This includes images that portray a culture in a superficial or inaccurate manner.
Killpack and Melón (2017) demonstrate that everyone is susceptible to exacerbating stereotype threat and confirming negative stereotypes about a particular group. Selecting images that challenge or avoid stereotypes can help to avoid this exacerbation and confirmation (Steele, 1997).
Context and Cultural Sensitivity
Cultural Relevance: Be mindful of the cultural implications of images. Ensure that cultural elements are depicted respectfully and accurately (see Cultural Appropriation).
Local vs. Global: Decide when to use local imagery that resonates with the immediate community versus when to use images that appeal to a global audience.
Cultural Appropriation: Cultural appropriation occurs when elements of a marginalized or minority culture are taken and used by members of a dominant culture, often without understanding, respect, or permission. This can include the use of traditional attire, symbols, music, language, and rituals in ways that strip them of their original meaning or context. To avoid cultural appropriation in selecting images, it is important to:
- Recognize the significance of the cultural element being depicted.Understand that cultural elements carry deep significance and history. Using them in ways that do not honor their origin can be harmful and disrespectful to the community from which they originate.
- Ensure authentic representation.When using images that depict diverse elements of culture, choose those that authentically represent the culture. This can often be achieved by using images created by members of that cultural community or by involving them in the selection process.
- Seek input and feedback.Whenever possible, obtain consent and input from members of the cultural group being represented. This helps ensure that the representation is both accurate and respectful.
Image Quality and Consistency
Resolution: Use high-resolution images to avoid pixelated or blurry images, unless it is part of the artistic intent, which should be clearly communicated in alt text (see ACCESSIBILITY: Alt Text).
Consistency: Opt for a consistent visual style. This could relate to the color scheme, level of formality, or the type of images selected.
Accessibility
Alt Text: Provide alternative text (alt text) for all images to ensure that the content is accessible to individuals using screen readers. The Northwestern office for accessibility, AccessibleNU, defines alt text as text that “describes the content of images, graphs and charts”. Refer to AccessibleNU’s guidelines for how to label images for alt text.
- To consider:Different fields have different guidelines for alt text. For example, journals may require very specific text and numbers of characters for labeling figures and tables.
Contrast: Good color contrast supports visibility and accessibility. Free online resources, such as Colour Contrast Checker, allows users to check color contrast, typeface, and font size for accessibility.
Color Palettes: Choose accessible color palettes. There are many free online resources, such as Venngage’s Colorblind-Friendly Palettes, that provide colors and color palettes that are accessible for people who are color blind. If colors and color palettes are limited by branding guidelines, use the color plus approach.
- Color Plus Approach: David Nichols, creator of the online colorblindness simulation tool, suggests avoiding conveying information purely through color, because using only mode of communication limits accessibility for those who face challenges with that mode. He suggests using the color plus approach, adding other means such as text, symbols, or patterns to present information in multiple forms.
Ethical Considerations
Permissions and Rights: Only use images that are available for public use or that you have received permission to use. This includes understanding rights for stock photos, copyrighted material, and personal photographs. (See Image Sourcing.)
Respect Privacy: Obtain consent from individuals whose faces are recognizable in the images. Northwestern has policies and consent forms for sourcing photographs.
Transparency: As a responsible community member and user, be explicit about the ownership of imagery and use of imagery in ways that cite and give credit to a creator for an original image. Reach out and communicate for consent, including an option to opt out.
Image Sourcing
Stock Images: Northwestern faculty and staff have access to 2 libraries of stock images: Adobe Stock and Northwestern's Marketing Digital Asset Management System (MDAM). MDAM provides a wide selection of images that are particular to Northwestern.
- Adobe Stock can be accessed with a Creative Cloud account. Follow NUIT prompts provided here to set up an account, if you do not have one.
- MDAM can be accessed with your NetID. Follow prompts provided here to access the system.
- Both Adobe Stock and MDAM have filters that allow you to find images that align with your needs and values. For instance, in Adobe Stock, you can filter image results to show those created by local artists or to exclude images created by generative AI. In MDAM, you can double check the usage rights for each image.
References and Recommended Reading by Subject
Accessibility
Coalition for Diversity and Inclusion in Scholarly Communications. (2022). Accessibility. In Guidelines on Inclusive Language and Images in Scholarly Communication. https://c4disc.pubpub.org/pub/v4up8c2n
Colour Contrast Checker
Nichols, D. (2020). Coloring for Colorblindness. https://davidmathlogic.com/colorblind/#%23D81B60-%231E88E5-%23FFC107-%23004D40 Accessed August 13, 2024.
Wong, B. (2011). Points of view: Color blindness. Nature Methods, 8(6), 441. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.1618
Artificial Intelligence (AI) Images
Ananya. (2024). AI image generators often give racist and sexist results: Can they be fixed? Nature, 627(7924), 722-725. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-024-00674-9
Heikkila, M. (2023) These tools let you see for yourself how biased AI images are. https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/03/22/1070167/these-news-tool-let-you-see-for-yourself-how-biased-ai-image-models-are/ Accessed August 13, 2024.
Hulik, K. (2024). AI image generators tend to exaggerate stereotypes. https://www.snexplores.org/article/ai-image-generators-bias?utm_source=internal&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=email_share Accessed August 13, 2024.
UNESCO. (2022). Guidelines for the ethical use of artificial intelligence in education. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000381137
Black Invisibility: Presence (or absence), Personhood, Perspectives, and Plurality
Taylor, P. C. (2016). Black is beautiful: A philosophy of black aesthetics (1st ed., Vol. 6). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119118527
Data Visualization
Coalition for Diversity and Inclusion in Scholarly Communications. (2022). Data visualization. In Guidelines on Inclusive Language and Images in Scholarly Communication. https://c4disc.pubpub.org/pub/e0jw3xsz Accessed August 13, 2024.
Human Images
Cyr, D., Head, M., Larios, H., & Pan, B. (2009). Exploring human images in website design: a multi-method approach. Management Information Systems Quarterly, 33(3), 539–566. https://doi.org/10.2307/20650308
Image Descriptions
Northwestern University Women’s Center. Image Descriptions. https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1Ijwc96pLmKKNPlfRt_HTGSNUy8fMonDSX8ZCMadv-o0/edit#slide=id.g10ffd6b24ee_0_101 Accessed August 13, 2024.
Inclusive Images
Coalition for Diversity and Inclusion in Scholarly Communications. (2022). Inclusive images. In Guidelines on Inclusive Language and Images in Scholarly Communication. https://c4disc.pubpub.org/pub/weuvm132
Jones, T., Scott, C., McSpadden, S., & Pitts, A. Best practices for inclusive and diverse photography in higher education. https://www.ucda.com/best-practices-for-inclusive-and-diverse-photography-in-higher-education/ Accessed August 13, 2024.
King, D., & Domin, D. S. (2007). The representation of people of color in undergraduate general chemistry textbooks. Journal of Chemical Education, 84(2), 342. https://doi.org/10.1021/ed084p342
Weiher Creative. (2023). The hunt for inclusive stock imagery: Great sites. https://weihercreative.com/the-hunt-for-inclusive-stock-imagery-great-sites/
Marketing Images
Hernandez, R., Hoffmann-Longtin, K., Patrick, S., Tucker-Edmonds, B., Rucker, S., & Livingston, N. (2020). The conscientious use of images illustrating diversity in medical education marketing. Academic Medicine, 95(12), 1807-1810. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000003503
Participatory Action Research
Cornish, F., Breton, N., Moreno-Tabarez, U., Delgado, J., Rua, M., de-Graft Aikins, A., & Hodgetts, D. (2023). Participatory action research. Nature Reviews Methods Primers, 3(1), 34.
Storytelling
Kass, M. (n.d.). Beyond best practice: Ethical storytelling and cultural transformation. https://michael-kass.medium.com/beyond-best-practice-ethical-storytelling-and-cultural-transformation-dd37c6354f9b Accessed August 13, 2024.
Gantman, M. (2020). A guide to diversity, equity, and inclusion in communications. Forbes Communication Council. https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbescommunicationscouncil/2020/10/21/a-guide-to-diversity-equity-and-inclusion-in-communications/?sh=12bcb8ea2b54 Accessed August 13, 2024.
Sources of Inclusive Stock Images
Weiher Creative. (2023). The hunt for inclusive stock imagery: Great sites. https://weihercreative.com/the-hunt-for-inclusive-stock-imagery-great-sites/ Accessed August 13, 2024.